Pronunciation respelling for English - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Pronunciation respelling is a notation used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language, such as English, which does not have a phonemic orthography. There are two basic types of pronunciation respelling. These systems are conceptually equivalent to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) commonly used in bilingual dictionaries and scholarly writings, but tend to use symbols based on English rather than Romance- language spelling conventions (e. They are used there because it is not possible to predict with certainty the sound of a written English word from its spelling or the spelling of a spoken English word from its sound. So readers looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling, that the word is in fact already known to them orally.
By the same token, those who hear an unfamiliar spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation respellings to find the correct match. English dictionaries have used various such respelling systems to convey phonemic representations of the spoken word since Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language in 1. Today, such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers.
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In England this standard is normally the so- called Received Pronunciation, based upon the educated speech of southern England. The standard for American English is known as General American (GA).
Sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such as James Murray's scheme for the original Oxford English Dictionary, and the IPA, which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system, because it uses symbols not in the English alphabet, such as .
Most current British dictionaries. Other works not included here, such as Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ed.), do not, and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits). The full titles of abbreviated column headings in the following table are viewable in interactive media (as opposed to hard copy), using the pointer. To see the full titles, hover over the abbreviations. On touchscreens, a long press and cancel may show them.
Consonants. IPA1. IPA2. APANOADAHDRHDWBOMECDDPLDPNTBDNBCMWCDCOD4. PODCham. SDABDictcom. BBCWikipedia. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam- Webster.
APA . New York: Oxford University Press. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. Also used by the Columbia Encyclopedia. RHD . Jewell, Oxford: OUP.
Cham . It is used by the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. Dictcom . The latter added diacritics to conventional spellings.^5 These are the stress marks in the print edition. Online, primary and secondary are both written '.^6 Spelt eye as a syllable of its own; with a consonant, it is spelled y: iodine EYE- . Secondary/tertiary stress is only marked when judged to be unpredictable, but is not distinguished from primary stress when it is marked.^9 In IPA, it is an . A few have even used diacritics to show pronunciation . Some editions of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary have offered a method for teachers to indicate pronunciation without respelling as a supplement to the respelling scheme used in the dictionary. Pronunciation without respelling is also sometimes used in texts with lots of unusual words, such as Bibles, when it is desirable to show the received pronunciation.
These will often be more exhaustive than dictionary respelling keys because all possible digraphs or readings need to have a unique spelling. Concise Oxford Dictionary's system without respelling. COD variant. IPAph/f/kn (initial)/n/wr (initial)/r/g, dg/d. In the beginning, only specialized pronunciation dictionaries for linguists used it, for example, the English Pronouncing Dictionary edited by Daniel Jones (EPD, 1. The IPA was used by English teachers as well, and started to appear in popular dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1. IPA is very flexible, allowing for a wide variety of transcriptions between broad phonemic transcriptions which describe the significant units of meaning in language, and phonetic transcriptions which may indicate every nuance of sound in detail.
The IPA transcription conventions used in the first twelve editions of the EPD was relatively simple, using a quantitative system indicating vowel length using a colon, and requiring the reader to infer other vowel qualities. Many phoneticians preferred a qualitative system, which used different symbols to indicate vowel timbre and colour.
Gimson introduced a quantitative- qualitative IPA notation system when he took over editorship of the EPD (1. Gimson system had become a de facto standard for phonetic notation of British Received Pronunciation (RP). Short and long vowels in various IPA schemes for RPwordquant. Gimsonridridr. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (OED2, 1. IPA, transcribed letter- for- letter from entries in the first edition, which had been noted in a scheme by the original editor, James Murray.
While IPA has not been adopted by popular dictionaries in the United States, there is a demand for learner's dictionaries which provide both British and American English pronunciation. Some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each. British and American English dialects have a similar set of phonemes, but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of different phones.
Although developed for RP, the Gimson system being phonemic, it is not far from much of General American pronunciation as well. A number of recent dictionaries, such as the Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, add a few non- phonemic symbols /.
He served as pronunciation consultant for the influential Concise Oxford English Dictionary, which adopted this scheme in its ninth edition (1. Upton's reform is controversial: it reflects changing pronunciation, but critics say it represents a narrower regional accent, and abandons parallelism with American and Australian English. In addition, the phonetician John C Wells said that he could not understand why Upton had altered the presentation of price to pr. He said that the PRICE- vowel represented how the starting point could be anything from centralised front to centralised back. For American pronunciations it uses an IPA- based scheme devised by Prof. William Kretzschmar of the University of Georgia.
Comparison. Which respelling systems are best for such learners has been a matter of debate. One important difference between the traditional respelling systems and the IPA is that the former contain information about the English writing system and the latter does not. Traditional respellings help learners to generalize about the regularities of English spelling. For example, the traditional respelling of read, past tense, is . On the other hand, because it uses different symbols, the IPA transcription r. A learner would not know from the IPA respelling that . In India, for example, many English bilingual dictionaries provide pronunciation respellings in the local orthography.
This is the case for several Indian languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, and Tamil. To reduce the potential distortions of bilingual phonemic transcription, some dictionaries add English letters to the local- script respellings to represent sounds not specified in the local script. For example, in English- Tamil dictionaries, the sounds /b/ and /z/ need to be specified, as in this respelling of busy: . Another advantage of local- script respellings for English learners is that they retain the . However, these systems also have limitations. One limitation is that they do not illuminate the English writing system.
Like the IPA, they represent phonemes differently from the ways in which the phonemes are normally spelled. So these notations do not guide readers to infer the regularities of English spelling. Also, the practicality of these systems for learning English locally may be offset by difficulties in communication that could arise in the context of other pronunciation norms such as GA or RP. Children's dictionaries. For preliterate native speakers of a language, the pictures in these dictionaries both define the entry words and are the . Respellings for English begin to appear in dictionaries for novice readers.
Generally, US- based dictionaries contain pronunciation information for all headwords, while UK- based dictionaries provide pronunciation information only for unusual (e. Generally, age ranges for young children's books in English lag behind those of languages with phonemic orthographies by about a year. This corresponds to the slow pace of literacy acquisition among English speakers as compared to speakers of languages with phonemic orthographies, such as Italian. Pronunciation respellings begin to appear in dictionaries for children in third grade and up. There seems to be very little research on which respelling systems are most useful for children, apart from two small studies done in the 1. Both studies were limited to traditional respelling systems without diacritics (setting aside both the IPA and the Webster- based systems used in American dictionaries). Both studies found that in such systems, word respellings may be cumbersome and ambiguous, as in this respelling of psychology: .
Yule also raised the question of the types of impact respelling systems could have on children's literacy acquisition. These issues could be usefully addressed in studies that include American respelling systems as well as the IPA.